PC Pitstop began in with an emphasis on computer diagnostics and maintenance. MediaTek Easy full. Access Point An internetworking device that seamlessly connects wired and wireless networks together.
Wireless LAN is a wireless A complete list of available wireless device drivers for Realtek this page, you will find all available drivers listed by release date for the Windows 7 32bit operating system.
This miniature adapter is designed to be as convenient as possible and once connected to a computer's USB port, can be left there, whether traveling or at home.
Backward compatible with Tech Tip, If you are having trouble deciding which is the right driver, try the Driver Update Utility for Researching the issue before buying is a good idea. Linux enjoys very good in-kernel hardware support in many areas but in-kernel support is somewhat limited when it comes to USB WiFi adapters. The main reason for the limited support is that there are only 2 companies supplying chipsets for USB Wifi adapters - Mediatek and Realtek.
Of the two suppliers that do provide USB Wifi chipsets, Mediatek supports drivers for their chipsets the right way, in-kernel. Mediatek drivers are Linux Wireless standards compliant and are updated constantly without users having to worry about it.
Realtek does not support their modern USB Wifi chipsets with in-kernel drivers. Realtek does make non-standards compliant Linux drivers but does not publically release them or take problem reports. These drivers are released in source code format and must be compiled to be used. The Realtek drivers do not keep up with the needed changes as new kernels are released. This job seems to rest with folks like myself in the community. What do I recommend? Buy adapters based on chipsets from the company that is doing it right - Mediatek.
The biggest problem most Linux users have when looking to purchase a USB WiFi adapter is being able to reliably identify which adapters have in-kernel support and that is really the reason for this site.
Spreading this information far and wide is key to having happy Linux users so please do spread this information. This document attempts to identify currently available adapters that use in-kernel driver support.
Links are provided to online products. Information regarding out-of-kernel drivers and their quality is also provided.
The hope is that this information is of benefit to Linux users, experienced and new. Links to products from a wide variety of retailers are provided and we welcome you to send additional links that can be included. The chipsets are shown in each category and if you are able to find an adapter with the listed chipset, even if it is not an adapter that is specifically listed, it should work.
Linux Wireless - Mediatek is a good place to get an idea of the various Mediatek wifi chipsets that are supported in the Linux kernel. If you want to look in the kernel to see the drivers, look here. One of the biggest advantages of using adapters with in-kernel drivers is that any of us can report bugs and submit fixes. There is no way that I am aware of to report bugs to Realtek.
Warning: It is common for online retailers to post "Linux support. Most inexperienced users do not understand that the Linux kernel is under constant development which makes it necessary for drivers to be regularly updated in order to work on newer kernels. Out-of-kernel drivers sitting on a CD or on an adapter seller's web site do not get regular updates. Rule of thumb: Never attempt to install a Linux driver from a CD.
Only consider downloading a Linux driver from an adapter seller's website if you confirm it supports the kernel you are using first. The out-of-kernel drivers on that CD or seller's webisite will likely be old and will likely do nothing more than make a mess of your system.
Remember that sudo is a weapon of mass destruction if used without knowing what you are doing. All major Linux distributions have active forums with users ready to give advice.
Don't take advice from a single user but seek advice from several users and always ask if the adapter uses in-kernel drivers. The problem is that the state of the adapter has to be changed for the adapter to show up as the device that you expect, in this case, a WiFi adapter. Most modern Linux distributions ship with a utility called "usb-modeswitch" that will handle this issue for you if it has the correct information for your adapter.
It is a good utility but if you buy adapters that are "multi-state," that is one more potential headache you may have to deal with when something goes wrong.
Often you can indentify adapters that are "multi-state" as they are advertised as "free driver" or "free installation driver. Both companies regularly change chipsets while keeping the same model number on their products. This makes it very difficult for Linux users to buy a product with a specific chipset with any degree of certainty. This also makes it difficult for me to post links and recommendations so I will not do so but that is okay because there are many good adapters available.
TP-Link and D-Link's Linux support is very poor as their product support sites generally only contain very old Linux drivers that won't work with modern distros We know that Linux cannot be properly supported in the manner that both companies use.
This is sad because both companies have made a lot of money from Linux by using it inside many of their products, yet they do not return the support. Note: Adapters made by two companies need to be highlighted.
The quality and reliability of most Panda and almost all Alfa adapters is good Not all Alfa adapters use in-kernel drivers. The Alfa adapters that do use in-kernel drivers are listed below. Products by both companies are widely available. I have tested adapters ranging from N to AC Based on upstream work and work on core distros, I expect that we will see WPA3 working well on the newest releases of almost all popular Linux distros by mid See hwsim mode details for more information.
All commands work against both clients and APs unless noted otherwise. Retry to be sure, or manually check result if the device is not vulnerable. Verifying the result of some tests requires running tcpdump or wireshark on the device under test the table below states if tcpdump has to be used. For instance, on Linux this capture should be made while the wireless interface is in "managed" or "ap" mode, not in monitor mode, meaning the capture will only contain packets that passed processing at the Wi-Fi layer.
See avoiding tcpdump on APs for a discussion on how some tests can nevertheless be performed without having to run tcpdump on APs.
To verify your test setup , the first command in the table below performs a normal ping that must succeed. The second command sends the ping as two fragmented Wi-Fi frames, and should only fail in the rare case that the tested device doesn't support fragmentation.
In case one of these tests is not working, follow the instructions in network card injection test to assure your network card is properly injecting frames. If the client being tested might enter sleep mode, see Handling sleep mode. The third, fourth, and fifth commands are not attacks but verify basic defragmentation behaviour of a device and are further discussed below the table.
How commands match to CVEs is listed below. Note that for implementation flaws we list a reference CVE identifier, however, vendors may use different CVEs because an implementation vulnerability normally receives a unique CVE for each affected codebase.
We nevertheless recommend to always refer to these reference CVEs as a way to easily refer to each type of discovered implementation flaw. If it fails, something is wrong with the test setup. If it fails, something is likely wrong with the test setup. Try adding the --icmp-size parameter as a fix. If it works with this extra parameter, you have to execute all other tests with this extra parameter as well.
The only time I encountered this test failing for valid reasons is when the tested device doesn't support receiving fragmented frames, which can be the case on lightweight IoT devices and, for example, OpenBSD. If this test doesn't work, try it again with --delay 1.
For instance, Linux removes fragments from memory after 2 seconds, meaning a delay of 1. In case the maximum accepted delay is low, all fragments sent in other tests must be sent within this maximum accepted delay. Otherwise, tests will trivially fail and you might conclude a device isn't vulnerable to an attack even though it actually is.
That is, it sends the first fragment, then a normal unrelated Wi-Fi frame, and finally the second fragment. In case this test fails, the default mixed key attack and cache attack will likely also fail since they require sending other frames between two fragments. This test will also fail in case the reciever checks whether fragments have consecutive packet numbers see the next test ping-frag-sep --pn-per-qos. This is something that a reciever should be verifying in order to be secure. Unfortunately, before the disclosure of our results, many implementations don't verify whether PNs are consecutive.
This test might fail in case the reciever doesn't track the latest received packet counter per QoS TID, in which case you can ignore other tests that contain the --pn-per-qos parameter. However, most vendors are currently implementing ad-hoc mitigations instead see Section 7.
If this test succeeds, the device is vulnerable to CVE In that case try amsdu-inject-bad instead see Section 3. Note that if this test succeeds, the impact of the attack is effectively identical to implementations that correctly parse such frames, meaing the device is vulnerable to CVE When running the mixed key test against an AP, the AP must be configured to regularly e. The tool will display Client cannot force rekey. Against a low number of APs, the test tool can also request to renew the PTK by adding the --rekey-req parameter, meaning there is no need to configure the AP to periodically renew the key.
Against these APs you can instead try a cache attack test. In case the AP is vulnerable to cache attacks, then it is likely also vulnerable to mixed key attacks unless these is strong evidence that contradict this, e.
If the AP isn't vulnerable to cache attacks, then we cannot say anything about its susceptibility to mixed key attacks, and in that case I recommend doing a code audit instead. Several devices implement the 4-way handshake differently and this will impact whether these tests will succeed or not. In case the tests fail, it is recommended to also perform the mixed key attack tests listed in Extended Vulnerability Tests.
When testing an AP, the tool sends a first fragment, then tries to reassociate with the AP, and finally sends the second fragment. However, not all APs properly support the reassociation process. In that case, add the --full-reconnect option as shown in the table, which makes the test tool to deauthenticate after sending the first fragment.
When testing a client, the tools sends a first fragment, disassociates the client, and once the client has reconnected will send the second fragment.
Ideally the client will immediately reconnect after sending the disassociation frame. This may require disabling all other networks in the client being tested. I also found that some clients don't seem to properly handle the disassocation, and in that case you can add the --full-reconnect option as shown in the table to send a deauthentication frame instead.
I have found that it's best to execute each cache attack test several times. Sometimes a cache attack test might fail although the implementation is vulnerable. This can be due to background noise, other devices sending frames to the tested device, etc. Note that full-recon is a shorthand of full-reconnect. Overall it can be tedious to test if a device is vulnerable to cache attacks. Therefore I also recommend to perform a code audit to check if fragments stay in the memory after disassociating or deauthenticating from a network or after reassociating this can also be dynamically checking using debug prints.
If fragments stay in memory, you should consider this as a risk, even if it's unknown whether it can be exploited.
This is similar to knowing an implementation has a buffer overflow but not yet knowing how to exploit it. In our experiments, this test only failed against Linux and against devices that don't support fragmentation.
Summarized, in combintation with the A-MSDU or cache vulnerability, it can be exploited to inject packets. When not combined with any other vulnerabilities the impact is implementation-specific CVE The following two tests send broadcast frames, which are not automatically retransmitted, and it is therefore recommended to execute them several times.
This is because background noise may prevent the tested devices from receiving the injected broadcast frame. The result of this variant of the attack is checked automatically by the test tool. This is important because several clients and APs are only vulnerable before completing the 4-way handshake. To confirm the result of this test you have to run wireshark or tcpdump on the victim, and monitor whether the injected ping request is received by the victim.
In my experiments mainly clients were affected. Both clients and APs can be vulnerable. Its result is checked automatically by the test tool. Tests ending on BP eapol-amsdu BP and eapol-amsdu-bad BP : These tests inject the malicious frame during the execution of the 4-way handshake. To test these implementations, you have to use the eapol-amsdu-bad test variant. Note that if this tests succeeds, the impact of the attack is identical to implementations that correctly parse such frames for details see Section 3.
Check that no other process is using the network card e. If everything worked previously, try unplugging your Wi-Fi dongle, restart your computer or virtual machine, and then try again. Assure the device you are testing doesn't enter a sleep state causing it to miss injected frames.
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